Reprinted from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology newsletter
Ithaca, N.Y.—Migratory songbirds enjoy the best of both
worlds—food-rich summers and balmy winters—but they pay for it with a
tough commute. Their twice-a-year migrations span thousands of miles and
are the most dangerous, physically demanding parts of their year.
Surprisingly, for many North American species the best route between
summer and winter homes is not a straight line, according to new
research published in the
Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
In spring, the study shows, birds follow areas of new plant growth—a
so-called “green wave” of new leaves and numerous insects. In fall,
particularly in the western U.S., they stick to higher elevations and
head directly southward, making fewer detours along the way for food.
"We're discovering that many more birds than anyone ever suspected fly
these looped migrations, where their spring and fall routes are not the
same," said Frank La Sorte, a research associate at the
Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
"And now we're finding out why—they have different seasonal priorities
and they're trying to make the best of different ecological conditions."
The research—the first to reveal this as a general pattern common to
many species—may help land managers improve conservation efforts by
improving their understanding of how birds use habitat seasonally.
“All this information helps us understand where we should focus
conservation across time,” La Sorte said. “Then we can drill down and
make local and regional recommendations. In the West particularly, the
systems are very complicated, but we’re starting to build a nice
foundation of knowledge.”
In a 2013 study, La Sorte and his colleagues discovered that many species of North American birds flew
looping, clockwise migration routes. But they could only partially explain why. For eastern species, it was clear from atmospheric data that the birds were
capitalizing on strong southerly tailwinds
in spring over the Gulf of Mexico and less severe headwinds in fall. By
adding the effect of plant growth, the new study helps explain why
western species also fly looped routes.
The study examined 26 species of western birds, including the Rufous
Hummingbird and Lazuli Bunting, and 31 species of eastern birds such as
the Wood Thrush and Black-throated Blue Warbler. Birds on both sides of
the continent showed a strong tendency to follow the flush of green
vegetation in spring.
In the relatively continuous forests of the eastern U.S. this tight
association with green vegetation persisted all summer and into fall. In
the West, however, green space occurs along rivers and mountains, and
is often isolated by expanses of desert or rangeland.
“Western migrants can’t necessarily cross big stretches of desert to get
to the greenest habitat when it’s the most green,” La Sorte said. “So
in spring, they stick to the foothills where insects are already out.
But in fall they tend to migrate along browner, higher-elevation routes
that take them more directly south.”
For decades scientists have known that some herbivorous species,
including geese and deer, follow the “green wave” of spring vegetation
on their northward migrations. La Sorte’s study is the first to extend
that idea to insectivorous species, which are tiny (most weigh an ounce
or less) and much harder to study using tracking devices.
The researchers solved that problem by using sightings data—lots of
it—to substitute for tracking data. They analyzed 1.7 million
crowdsourced bird checklists from
eBird,
a free online birding-list program, to construct a detailed picture of
species occurrence for each week of the year. Then they used satellite
imagery to determine the ecological productivity—or amount of new plant
growth—across the U.S.
What emerged was a composite picture of where each species occurred,
week by week, that the scientists then compared with satellite-derived
estimates of where the greenest or most productive habitats were.
“Up till eBird data became available, people have had to look at
migration on a species by species basis, by tracking individual birds,”
La Sorte said. “We’re bringing in the population perspective using big
data, and that’s enabling us to describe general mechanisms across
species.”
In addition to La Sorte, the paper’s authors include Daniel Fink, Wesley
Hochachka, and Steve Kelling of the Cornell Lab, and John DeLong of the
University of Nebraska, Lincoln. The research was supported in part by
grants from Leon Levy Foundation, Wolf Creek Foundation, and the
National Science Foundation.
Related research on looped migration strategies:
A
week from now, nature lovers from all over the state will arrive at Bok
Tower Gardens in Lake Wales to enjoy the 2014 Florida Wildflower
Symposium's garden explorations, field trips, workshops and
presentations. 
